RESUMEN
Healthy sleep is defined by the combination of adequate duration, good quality, and regular timing. In children, sleep thus depends on the interplay of individual, parental, organizational, community, and social variables, but only a few studies have addressed this issue in a comprehensive way nationwide. Using the Uruguayan nationally representative survey (Nutrition, Child Development, and Health Survey, Encuesta de Nutrición, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud, ENDIS), we present the first epidemiological characterization of chronobiological and sleep parameters in Latin American children. On average, Uruguayan urban children (n = 2437; 5-10-years old) showed quite late chronotypes (MSFsc = 03:53 ± 1:07), moderate misalignment (SJL = 1.0 ± 0.9 h), and adequate sleep duration (SDweek = 9.9 ± 1.0 h). Further, we show the substantial influence of school shift schedules on children's circadian typology and sleep patterns. Our results show that children attending the morning school shift have a higher risk of sleep problems than afternoon-school shift ones. The chronotype and sleep were earlier in morning-school shift children than in children attending the afternoon school shift. However, morning-school shift children had stronger misalignment, shorter sleep on school days, and a higher risk of chronic sleep deficit and non-healthy circadian misalignment (even worse in late chronotypes) than afternoon-shift children. This evidence points to the need of evaluating policies to reorganize school start times to prevent the negative effects that early schooling seems to have on children's sleep health, which has been neglected so far.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In 2013, Uruguay became the first country in the world to fully regulate its marijuana market. This ambitious policy was also an unexpected one: none of the usual explanations for legalization of marijuana in other contexts was present in the Uruguayan case. This paper offers an explanation of why Uruguay legalized marijuana. Drawing on Kingdon's theoretical approach, we argue that a window of opportunity opened in mid-2012, making it both necessary and possible for the government to move towards legalization. METHODS: A congruence case study using evidence from a series of interviews with political actors and policy makers, media reports and official documents. RESULTS: There is evidence that marijuana legalization was possible in Uruguay because of the coincidence of a demand for more public safety (problem stream) with the presence of pro-legalization leaders in strategic political positions (policy stream) and a favorable political environment (political stream) CONCLUSIONS: Applying Kingdon's theory of windows of opportunity, Uruguay may have moved towards full regulation of its marijuana market in 2013 because of the convergence of a specific set of problem, policy and political circumstances in May 2012.
Asunto(s)
Crimen , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Uso de la Marihuana/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Política , Personal Administrativo , Gobierno , Humanos , Motivación , Política Pública , UruguayRESUMEN
El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la situación de los adultos mayores en Uruguay. El documento examina los riesgos que acompañan el tránsito a la vejez en distintos sectores sociales y qué implican en términos de acceso al bienestar, con el objeto de aportar al necesario debate sobre políticas que garanticen la adecuada protección de los adultos mayores del país. Como punto de partida, se evidencia que los adultos mayores se encuentran en una situación comparativamente más favorable en términos de acceso al bienestar que otros grupos etarios, especialmente los más jóvenes. Para los mayores de 65 años la pobreza afecta al 6%, mientras que entre la población menor de 14 años se ubica en torno al 40%. La vejez es, en efecto, la etapa en la que se registra menores niveles de desigualdad en materia de ingresos, mayor acceso relativo a la atención de la salud y mayor acceso a la vivienda. A pesar de ello uno de cada tres adultos mayores presenta una situación de vulnerabilidad extrema en alguna de las dimensiones que analiza el estudio: salud, seguridad social, vivienda e ingresos. La investigación identifica un aumento progresivo de los hogares unipersonales, que ya alcanza el 33% del total de hogares en los que viven adultos mayores. De cada 4 hogares unipersonales de adultos mayores, 3 son de mujeres. También se han identificado serias vulnerabilidades en cuanto al acceso a la salud. La investigación concluye afirmando los graves riesgos asociados a las diferencias generacionales.
